Regenerating Liverpool Pier Head Waterfront: the Role of Urban Design

Dizin Eklenmedi

Received: 2014-05-10 ● Accepted: 2015-05-14 ● Published: 2015-07-30
DOI:10.15340/2148193811851●Pages:21-38

Article Full Text HTML PDF References Metrics Cited by

Abstract

Abstract: This paper investigates the processes by which the regeneration of the historical Pier Head waterfront in Liverpool took place during the first decade of the twenty-first century. The research focuses on three key regeneration projects at Pier Head Waterfront, namely the Fourth Grace, the New Museum of Liverpool and Mann Island Development. Each of these projects has undergone a relatively different process and, hence, faced different challenges and produced different outcomes. This study is based on a series of lengthy interviews with key stakeholders closely linked with the regeneration of the waterfront, a review of project related documents including urban design policy and guidance, a substantial review of relevant news articles that were written throughout the period of the recent transformation of the waterfront, and numerous site visits. By understanding the peculiarities of the global forces that drive large scale developments and the local context in which they occurred at Pier Head, several insights regarding the process of regeneration emerge. Findings foreground the role of urban design in urban waterfront regeneration, illustrating that despite the complexity of managing change, urban design has the capacity to mediate between the local and global forces and the needs/desires of investors and local communities. Urban design is also imperative for challenging the negative impact of globalisation on the urban landscape.

Keywords: Waterfront Regeneration, Urban Design, Liverpool, Globalisation, Image, Architecture

Please purchase to download content

€4

Please purchase to download PDF

€4

References

3XN. (2011). MUSEUM OF LIVERPOOL; Liverpool, England / 2011. Retrieved 30th December, 2013, from http://www.3xn.com/#/architecture/by-year/33-museum-of-liverpool

Bayley, S. (2010). Liverpool: shaping the city: RIBA Publications, England.

BBC (2002, 6 December). Fourth Grace Favourite Revealed [News Article]. Retrieved 26th November, 2013 from http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/2550615.stm

Begg, I. (1999). Cities and Competitiveness. Urban studies, 36(5-6), 795-809. doi: 10.1080/0042098993222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0042098993222

Belchem, J. (2006). Liverpool 800: culture, character & history: Liverpool University Press, Liverpool.

Berg, B. L., & Lune, H. (2004). Qualitative research methods for the social sciences (Vol. 5): Pearson Boston.

Beriatos, E., & Gospodini, A. (2004). "Glocalising" urban landscapes: Athens and the 2004 olympics. Cities, 21(3), 187-202. doi: 10.1016/j.cities.2004.03.004 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2004.03.004

Biddulph, M. (2011). Urban design, regeneration and the entrepreneurial city. Progress in Planning, 76(2), 63-103. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.progress.2011.08.001 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.progress.2011.08.001

Booth, R., & Gates, C. (2002). Culture clash. Building Design, 1556, 1.

Bruttomesso, R. (2001). Complexity on the urban waterfront. Waterfronts in post-industrial cities, 39-49.

Buncle, T. (2006). Re-imagining the place as animate: how a 'sense of place' can create a competitive edge that transcends all economic and cultural sectors. Paper presented at the Contemporary Issues in Retail Marketing Conference, Destinations and Locations: Exploring the Multiple Identities of Place, Manchester Metropolitan University.

Carmona, M., Heath, T., Oc, T., & Tiesdell, S. (2011). Public Places-Urban Spaces: the dimensions of urban design: Routledge, Oxford.

Carter, H. (2004, 23 July). Liverpool's 'diamond knuckleduster' axed. The Guardian.

Couch, C. (2003). City of Change and Challenge: Urban Planning and Regeneration in Liverpool. Ashgate, Hants, England.

Cox, K. (1993). The Local an Global in the New Urban Politics: A Critical Review. Environment and planning. D, Society & space, 11, 433-448. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/d110433

Dovey, K. (2005). Fluid City; Transforming Melbourne's Urban Waterfront. UNSW Press, Sydney, Australia.

Finch, P. (2008). Liverpool Still Needs Vision. The Architectural Review. Retrieved 3rd October 2013 from http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Liverpool+still+needs+vision.-a0174974754

Frearson, A. (2011). Museum of Liverpool by 3XN. Dezeen Magazine. Retrieved 12th October, 2013 from http://www.dezeen.com/2011/08/15/museum-of-liverpool-by-3xn/

Glancey, J. (2002). Architects compete to give Liverpool's waterfront extra grace. The Guardian. Retrieved 22nd October, 2013 from http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2002/nov/12/europeancityofculture2008.arts

Gospodini, A. (2004). Urban morphology and place identity in European cities: built heritage and innovative design. Journal of Urban Design, 9(2), 225-248. doi: 10.1080/1357480042000227834 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1357480042000227834

Grasland, L., & Jensen-Butler, C. (1997). The Set of Cities. In C. Jensen-Butler, A. Shachar & J. Van Weesep (Eds.), European Cities in Competition Ashgate: Aldershot.

Hetherington, P. (2002). Liverpool's iconic cow-pat. The Guardian. Retrieved 21st October 2013 from http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2002/dec/19/northerner.peterhetherington

Hughes, Q. (1999). Liverpool: City of Architecture: Bluecoat Press.

Island, M. (2007). Mann Island, Liverpool. Retrieved 16/05/2012, from http://www.mannislanddevelopments.com/mann_island.html

Jencks, C. (2012). The Story of Post-Modernism: Five Decades of the Ironic, Iconic and Critical in Architecture: Wiley.

Kantor, P. (1987). The dependent City: The Changing Political Economy of Urban Economic Development in the United States Urban Affairs Quarterly, 22.

Kavaratzis, M. (2005). Place Branding: A Review of Trends and Conceptual Models. The Marketing Review, 5(4), 329-342. doi: 10.1362/146934705775186854 http://dx.doi.org/10.1362/146934705775186854

LCC. (2004). Liverpool Maritime Mechentile City - Official Map and Guide Liverpool Liverpool City Council

Lees, L. (2008). Gentrification and Social Mixing: Towards an Inclusive Urban Renaissance? Urban studies, 45(12), 2449-2470. doi: 10.1177/0042098008097099 http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098008097099

Madanipour, A. (2006). Roles and Challenges of Urban Design. Journal of Urban Design, 11(2), 173-193. doi: 10.1080/13574800600644035 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13574800600644035

Magazine, D. (2011). 3XN's Museum of Liverpool: More than a Building, More than a Museum. Retrieved 29/05/2012, from http://www.dezeen.com/2011/08/15/museum-of-liverpool-by-3xn/

Marshall, R. (Ed.). (2001). Waterfronts in post-industrial cities. London: Spon Press.

Moore, R. (2011). Museum of Liverpool - Review, The Observer

Parkinson, M. (1988). Urban regeneration and development corporations: Liverpool style. Local Economy, 3(2), 109-118. doi: 10.1080/02690948808725933 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02690948808725933

Parkinson, M. (2008). Make No Little Plans:The regeneration of Liverpool city centre 1999 - 2008. UK Liverpool Vision.

Punter, J. (2007). Developing Urban Design as Public Policy: Best Practice Principles for Design Review and Development Management. Journal of Urban Design, 12(2), 167-202. doi: 10.1080/13574800701306195 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13574800701306195

Punter, J. (2009). Urban Design and the British Urban Renaissance: Taylor & Francis.

Rogers, R. (2003). The Fourth Grace. Retrieved 16/05/2012, from http://www.richardrogers.co.uk/

Shaw, B. (2001). History at the water's edge. In R. Marshall (Ed.), Waterfronts in post-industrial cities. London: Taylor and Francis Group.

Sklair, L. (2005). The Transnational Capitalist Class and Contemporary Architecture in Globalizing Cities. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 29(3), 485-500. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2427.2005.00601.x http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2427.2005.00601.x

Sklair, L. (2006). Iconic architecture and capitalist globalization. City, 10(1), 21-47. doi: 10.1080/13604810600594613 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13604810600594613

Sklair, L. (2010). Iconic Architecture and the Culture-ideology of Consumerism. Theory, Culture & Society, 27(5), 135-159. doi: 10.1177/0263276410374634 http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0263276410374634

Smith, H. C., & Ferrari, M. S. G. (2012). Waterfront Regeneration: Experiences in City-building: Routledge.

SOM. (2000). Strategic Regeneration Framework. Liverpool: Liverpool Vision.

Sudjic, D. (2002). Can Liverpool be Bilbao of the North?. The Guardian. Retrieved 20th November 2013, from http://www.theguardian.com/theobserver/2002/dec/15/1

Sudjic, D. (2004, 12 December ). Mission of Mersey. The Observor. Retrieved 15th November 2013, from http://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2004/dec/12/architecture.communities

Sykes, H., & Roberts, P. (2000). Urban Regeneration: A Handbook: SAGE Publications.

Sykes, O., Brown, J., Cocks, M., Shaw, D., & Couch, C. (2013). A City Profile of Liverpool. Cities(0). doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2013.03.013 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2013.03.013

Tallon, A. (2013). Urban Regeneration in the UK: Taylor & Francis.

UNESCO. (2004). Liverpool World Heritage. Retrieved 29/05/2012, from http://www.liverpoolworldheritage.com/index.asp

Urry, J. (1995). Consuming Places: Routledge, London.

Liverpool Vision (1999). About Us Retrieved 15/05/2012, from http://www.liverpoolvision.co.uk/Default.aspx

Ward, D. (2004). Liverpool scraps plans for Cloud, The Guardian

World Heritage Committee. (2006). CONVENTION CONCERNING THE PROTECTION OF THE WORLD CULTURAL AND NATURAL HERITAGE WHC-06/30.COM/INF.19: UNESCO.

Wilks-Heeg, S. (2003). From World City to Pariah City? Liverpool and Global Economy, 1850-2000. In R. Munck (Ed.), Reinventing the City? Liverpool in Comparative Perspective. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.5949/liverpool/9780853237976.003.0003

Zukin, S. (1991). Landscapes of Power: From Detroit to Disney World, University of California Press, Los Angeles.